Understanding the interplay between T cells and B cells is pivotal to delineating both protective immunity and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Central to this dynamic are specialised CD4⁺ T ...

Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays a critical role in regulating immune responses, allergic inflammation and host defence mechanisms. T helper 9 (TH9) cells, a specialised ...

A newly recognized set of T helper cells seems to guard against aging by eliminating harmful senescent cells. Their presence in supercentenarians suggests they may be a key to maintaining a healthier, ...