Observations on nodal and loop analysis that can save a fair amount of scribbling of equations when using Kirchhoff's laws. In a previous Idea for Design, Anshi Chen outlined a method for analyzing ...

Imagine this scenario: There is a flow meter with 4–20 mA output setup. The switch is flipped, thereby turning it on. Then it is noted that the readings are off, and the required output is not shown.

Industrial temperature sensors are widely used with 4–20mA current-loop transmitters in industrial control and automation. In the current loop the temperature sensor converts a temperature into a ...