We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors ...

Digital image correlation (DIC) is a non-contact optical metrology technique for measuring displacement and strain by tracking the motion of a stochastic speckle pattern applied to a specimen surface.

Deformation occurs universally across nature and engineering, critical for safety and performance in structures and biomedical applications. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is an optical technique ...