(PhysOrg.com) -- Researchers at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) and Boston University School of Public Health have found that no adjustment method fully resolves confounding by indication ...

Confounding Problems Grants assist undergraduate students in pursuing research related to so-called confounding (or wicked) problems. These are large-scale problems that resist any simple solution — ...

means that the level of factor F is computed by adding the levels of B and D and two times the levels of C and E, all modulo 3. Note that if q is not a prime number, Galois field arithmetic is not ...

Experimentation is a vital part of the scientific method. Most problems in science require observation of the system at work and experimentation to elucidate information about how the system works. In ...